It's a long boring read tbh, I'm not that eager to revisit it, but the main thrust of the entire first portion of the book is in explaining what was happening in the industrial revolution through the increased efficiency that division of labor and specialization bring to the table.
He was reacting to the rise of modern capitalism, first and foremost. It was not something that he came up with and proposed, and so we adopted it. It was already manifesting itself organically. He was just one of the first people to spell out conceptually exactly how and why it works.
That's not to say he got everything right. Nor did he only say positive things about industrialization. He talked about how the division of labor makes jobs more simple and menial which makes them more meaningless and turns the worker into cogs in the machine, for example.
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