Hardcore Punk: Punk rock stripped of it's art and left simmering in anger. Faster, harder, and more personal. Well, in the U.S. anyway...
Hardcore: Hardcore Punk minus the punk. Think along the lines of early Madball,
Sick Of It All, Cro-Mags, etc...
Emocore: DC's evolution of Hardcore Punk. Started in '84 with Rites Of Spring, Gray Matter, and Embrace, evolved with Moss Icon's guidance. It's basically emotionally potent punk music that stuck out like a sore thumb through heavy-handed, yet relateable introspection.
Hardcore Emo: Defined by Fourfa.com: hardcore punk inspired emo. Fast, violent, pain-laden and frantic. A good distance from whatever "Screamo" is.
Grindcore: Mixture of Hardcore Punk and early Death Metal/Thrash. Offshoots include Crustcore (a Crust Punk take on Grind), Goregrind (heavier, less politics, more blood), and Porngrind (slower, even heavier, with a pornographic/sadistic focus).
Mathcore/Artcore: Vague and pretentious catchalls for bands with odd time signatures, the occasional use of keyboards or other off-kilter instruments, and technical prowess. Basically: take any of the aforementioned genres and sprinkle them with noodly guitar riffs.
Deathcore: God-awful, macho, slam-riff Hardcore inspired Death Metal. Stuff like Despised Icon, early Job For A Cowboy, and Waking The Cadaver fit into the niche. Yes, I am incredibly biased.
Post-Hardcore: Too broad and lucid to define. I've seen everything from Quicksand, Minutemen, and Drive Like Jehu to Thursday and He Is Legend lumped under this category. Punk's answer to the term "Alternative". Sift through cautiously.
Melodic Hardcore: Different than Pop-Punk due to speed and agression, and a safe distance from Emocore as well. Kid Dynamite, American Steel, early Descendents, and later Lifetime records fit snuggly under this genre umbrella.
There are probably more terms, but I'm tired. Hope this helps!
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